《刘晓艳语法长难句》第一章笔记



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1. 英语句子特点

  1. 有主谓

  2. 主语是谓语的发出者

  3. 宾语是谓语的承受者

  4. 一个句子只能有一个主语、一个谓语，否则需要连词

  5. ❗️ 写作避免出现主语、谓语、宾语不匹配的情况

  6. eg：我的英语说得很好

    ⭕️ I speak English well.

    ❌ My English speaks well.



2. 基本结构

  1. 主谓
  2. 主谓宾
  3. 主谓表
  4. 主谓双宾
  5. 主谓宾宾补

2.1 主谓

一个主语、一个带有时态的谓语构成

2.2 主谓宾 & 主谓表

  1. 主谓宾的谓语是实义动词/行为动词，能够表达实际动作

  2. 主谓表的谓语是系动词/连系动词，分为六类：

    1. 状态：be
    2. 感官：look, sound, taste, smell, feel + adj.
    3. 变化：get, become, turn, grow, fall
    4. 保持：keep, stay, remain, stand
    5. 表象：seem, appear
    6. 终止：prove

  3. 部分系动词也可作实义动词

    eg：grow

    I grew up in this town. 实义动词

    The coat grew dirty. 系动词

2.3 主谓双宾

主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语，两个宾语的区分影响不大

  1. 常用双宾语动词：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send, etc.
  2. eg: He brought me a gift.

2.4 主谓宾宾补

宾语+补语 → 复合宾语

  1. 宾语补足语：补充说明宾语特点、身份、让宾语完成动作
  2. 宾补常见类型：
    1. You should keep room clean. 形容词
    2. We made him our leader. 名词
    3. He told me not to play in the street. 不定式
    4. I like to watch boys playing football. 现在分词
    5. Yesterday I had a picture taken with a cat. 过去分词
  3. 双宾和宾宾补，区分不清又有什么关系呢


3. 句子成分

句子的组成成分，由词或词组构成；从而词性会决定其所担任的成分 （但是怎么可能能把词性也背下来呢，单词都背不会呢）

  1. 主语
  2. 谓语
  3. 宾语
  4. 表语
  5. 定语
  6. 状语
  7. 补足语
  8. 同位语

3.1 谓语

具有时态的实义动词（词组）或系动词。

  1. 成分：谓语只能是动词（词组），一般的动词（词组）也只能做谓语

  2. 谓语要做其他成分时，要变成非谓语结构（非动词结构）：

    1. 动词-ing，表示主动或进行
    2. 动词-ed，表示被动或完成
    3. to-动词，表示目的或将来

  3. 非谓语结构可做任何成分：

    1. 主语：-ing，或to do；to do（动词不定式）时常用it做主语，to do后置
    2. 表语：His job is to look after the baby.
    3. 宾语：He enjoys staying with his family.
    4. 定语：He found a good place to live in.
    5. 状语：He work hard to get money.
    6. 同位语：His habit, eating snack before sleeping, has not been changed.

  4. 多个动词时，只能有一个做谓语，其余要用非谓语结构：

    He pushed the door, walking into the room and seeing a girl sitting on the bed.

3.2 主语

  1. 成分：从句、代词、名词、非谓语

  2. 主语不能缺失；祈使句中为加强语气而省略，但不能说没有

    1. 下雨了 ➡️ It is raining.
    2. 有很多人喜欢我 ➡️ There are loads of individuals having affection for me.
    3. 多用高级词汇
    4. 以There be句型为代表，容易出现多个谓语的错误，注意要用非谓语结构

  3. 减少以人称代词做主语；变主动为被动：

    1. 必须指出语法在考试中还是很重要的 ➡️ Grammar must be pointed out to be quite crucial in the examination.
    2. 我们不应该盲目追星 ➡️ Superstart should never be pursued blindly.
    3. 孝敬父母很重要 ➡️ Respecting parents is argued to be of great importance by a sea of private individuals.

  4. think ➡️ argue, contend, assume, presume, insist, maintain, assert, claim, be of the option that, have been convinced that, cling to the perspective that

  5. important ➡️ be of great importance, vital, significant, essential, indispensable, play a key role in sth.

  6. 实在难以解决时，使用人称代词做主语

  7. 被动语态：

    1. 语态：主语谓语之间的关系是主动还是被动；主语无法发出动作，就使用被动语态

    2. 与时态是独立的两个概念，所以被动语态也有时态

    时态 结构
    原型（基础） be done
    一般现在时 am/is/are done
    一般过去时 was/were done
    一般将来时 will be done
    现在进行时 am/is/are being done
    过去进行时 was/were being done
    现在完成时 have/has been done
    过去完成时 had been done
    情态动词 情态动词 be done

    1. 部分动词无被动：

    2. have、own、possess等意为“拥有”的词

    3. 系动词

    4. happen、break out等意为“发生”或“爆发”的词

    5. 不及物动词（主谓） eg：The sun rose.

3.3 宾语

  1. 成分：代词、名词、非谓语、从句

3.4 表语

  1. 成分：代词、名词、非谓语、形容词、介词短语


4. 动词时态

  1. 不同时间内所发生的动作（主谓宾）或存在的状态（主系表）

  2. 时态的判断，要通过谓语判断；时间短语或副词性标志词仅仅能够描述该动作发生的具体时间

    eg：I always swam at the weekend. 我以前周末经常游泳。

  3. 时态种类：

    时态 一般 进行 完成 完成进行
    现在 do be doing have done have been doing
    过去 did was doing had done had been doing
    将来 will do will be doing will have done will have been doing
    过去将来 would do would be doing would have done would have been doing

  4. 助动词：帮助谓语构成肯定句、否定句和疑问句的时态

  5. 有be：否定句be not；疑问句be提前

  6. 有动词：疑问句用助动词的不同时态形式

4.1 一般现在时

  1. 定义：现阶段经常发生的事；客观真理及自然现象；人/物永久状态

  2. 助动词：do/does

  3. 肯定句：

    1. He loves me.
    2. I am a student.

  4. 否定句：do/does not；be not

  5. He does not like his work.

  6. He is not a child anymore.

  7. 疑问句：do/does/be提前、

  8. Do you like dogs？

  9. Are they friends？

  10. 常见标志词：频度、频率副词；其他具体时间段（in the morning、on Sundays）

4.2 一般将来时

  1. 将来某时间发生的动作/存在的状态

  2. 助动词：will（所有人称）、shall（第一人称）

  3. 肯定句：

    1. I will bring him a present.
    2. I will be a teacher soon.

  4. 否定句：

    1. He won`t fulfill his promise.
    2. He will not be there next day.

  5. 疑问句：

    1. Will you travel to Beijing?
    2. Will you be a nurse?

  6. 标志词：将来时间、soon、in 段时间

  7. 其他结构：be going to, be about to do, be to do

4.3 现在进行时

  1. 仅表示动作正在发生，不表示状态
  2. 助动词：be
  3. 肯定句：
    1. We are having classes.
  4. 否定句：
    1. We are not having classes.
  5. 疑问句：
    1. Are you having classes?
  6. 标志词：right now, at present, at this time, these days, look, listen

4.4 一般过去时

  1. 过去某段时间的动作/状态
  2. 助动词：did
  3. 肯定句：
    1. I saw him in the library yesterday.
    2. I was late for school yesterday.
  4. 否定句：
    1. I didn`t live there before.
    2. He was not a student long ago.
  5. 疑问句：
    1. Did you study English at 10?
    2. Were they in the park just now?
  6. 标志词：ago、last、just now、once upon a time

4.5 现在完成时

  1. 动作持续到现在才完成，强调已经或曾经；但也可能延续下去

  2. 助动词：have has

  3. 肯定句：过去分词

    1. He has already obtained a scholarship.
    2. I have been in the city for more than 5 years.

  4. 否定句：have not/haven`t + done/been

  5. 疑问句：

    1. Have you found the missing child?
    2. Have you ever been to the UK?

  6. 标志词：already, ever, never, just, yet, still, since + 段时间（since引导时间状语从句用一般过去时，主句现在完成时）

  7. 瞬时动词可以完成时，但是不能接时间段，除非转换为延续性动词：

    搜狗截图20200316222055

  8. 与一般过去时区别：

    1. 一般过去时强调以前做过，与现在无关
    2. 现在完成时强调持续到现在/已完成/可能继续持续

4.6 不常见时态：

不常用不常见，但可能出现的难点时态

  1. 过去进行时：过去某个时间点正在发生的动作：

    I was watching TV at 9 last night.

  2. 过去将来时：过去视角将要发生的动作：

    She promised that she would come to China some day.

  3. 过去完成时：过去某一时间之前就已完成：

    My father had slept before I came back home.

  4. 现在完成进行时：过去持续到现在，并可能一直持续下去，译为一直做：

    I have been doing the experience these days.

  5. 过去完成进行时：过去时间段持续进行：

    I had been writing this paper those days.

  6. 将来完成时：将来某段时间内将要完成的动作：

    I will have finished my paper by the end of this semester.

  7. 将来进行时：将来时间点正在进行：

    I will be meeting him this time tomorrow.

  8. 过去将来进行时：过去角度，将来时刻正在进行：

    Li told me that he would be living in China some day.

  9. 过去将来完成时：过去角度，某一时间前将完成：

    David told me that he would have finished homework by 9.

  10. 将来完成进行时：在将来某时间段内持续进行：

    He will have been living here for 5 years by the end of this month.

  11. 过去将来完成进行时：从过去某一时间，持续到过去将来某一时间：

    He said that he would have been living here for 10 years by the end of last year.

  12. 时态区分不出也无关紧要，从动词的意义和过去式、过去分词也能猜出几分



5. 动词分类

5.1 实义动词

  1. 就是表示具体动作的词
  2. 分类：及物动词、不及物动词
    1. 及物动词Vt.：+ 宾语
    2. 不及物动词Vi.：+ 介词 + 宾语
    3. V.表示均可

5.2 连系动词

即系动词，前面总结过

5.3 情态动词

  1. 含义：本身有一定词义，表示说话人态度
  2. 用法：不单独出现，+实义动词/系动词
  3. 分类
    1. can、could 能、会、请求 = be capable of、be competent in
    2. may、might 许可，可能性 = be likely to
    3. must必须、have to不得不 = be bound to、be bound for
    4. should、ought to 应该 = be supposed to、be obliged to
    5. would 将会，想要 = intend to
    6. dare 敢
  4. 情态动词的完成时表示推测：
    1. must have done：一定做过
    2. needn`t have done：没必要，但做了
    3. could have done：本能做，但没做，遗憾
    4. should have done：本应做

5.4 助动词

  1. 含义：帮助谓语动词一起构成否定、疑问、时态、语态的词
  2. 分类
    1. be：进行时，被动语态
    2. do：现在时、过去式、否定、疑问，强调，倒装
    3. have：完成时
    4. will：将来时
    5. 每个助动词均可倒装（助动词提前，从句提前前）：Only after things disappear will we cherish them. 人们只有失去才懂得珍惜。


6. 写作

  1. 难词替换成会的词，正确最重要
  2. 写不来的长难句用简单句表示


7. 长难句分析

步骤：

  1. 找动词/词组，以有无连接词判断并确定主句的谓语（从句也有谓语）
  2. 解释谓语
  3. 翻译主干

eg：

​ The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan`s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.

  1. 谓语：have limited
  2. 解释：限制
  3. 主干——主语：and连接的两个并列成分，宾语：opportunities机会
  4. 战后生育潮的到来，和女性进入由男性主导的职场，都限制了…的机会。