《刘晓艳语法长难句》第三章笔记
名词(短语)和名词性从句
1. 名词(短语)可作成分
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主语、宾语、表语、同位语(I enjoy the part, the warm end.)、定语
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同位语:前后两部分指同一事物,用逗号或破折号隔开。(写作可使用)
eg:A boy writes the name of Beckham on his face.
➡️ A boy, a crazy football fan, writes the name of Beckham, quite a well-known superstar, on his face.
2. 名词性从句
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从句:引导词+分句;名词性从句:从句整体表现为名词属性
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eg:
- What I saw repeatedly is so moving and encouraging.
- I appreciate what his mother said.
- He is who we should learn from.
- I enjoy the part that a feather is flying in the sky.
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例子中从句充当主、宾、表、同位语,分别称为主语从句、宾语从句…
2.1 名词性从句引导词
eg:
I love you is my fault. ❌ 陈述句
Do you love me is obvious. ❌ 一般疑问句
Who do you love is a secret. ❌ 特殊疑问句
普通句子不能做另一个句子的成分,要加引导词变为从句。
对于以上的陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句三种句子,改为从句,有各自引导词:
- that:陈述句,且在从句中不承担成分,甚至不影响句意时可以省略;
- whether/if:一般疑问句,不充当成分,意为是否。
- whether:可引导所有名词性从句
- if:仅宾语从句
- 特殊疑问句:when、where、why、how、who、whom、what、which、whose,有具体意义,不可省略。
- 所有从句中均保持陈述句语序。
eg:
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我想知道人为什么活在地球上。(宾语从句)
I wonder why people live on the earth.
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外星人是否存在真的很重要。(主语从句)
Weather aliens exist is really vital.
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我的想法是,看完本章后,我们去看电影吧。(表语从句)
My idea is that we will go to see a moive after finishing this chapter.
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她成功地找到了朋友,这让我很高兴。(主语从句)
That she succeeded in finding a friend makes me happy.
从句做主语,动词三单
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他的成功证明了努力决定命运的真理。(同位语从句)
His triumph demonstrated the truth that endeavor decides destiny.
3. 应用
3.1 写作
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主语从句 It … that …
如 That she succeeded in finding a friend makes me happy,头重脚轻,改用it作形式主语,主语从句放至句尾:It makes me happy that she succeeded in finding a friend.
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形式主语除了主语从句,其他特殊形式做主语时,也可用。
- It is adj./n. to do sth. 不定式
- It v. to do sth.
- It is adj./n. doing sth. 动名词
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同位语从句(用于分析原因)
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没有什么能掩盖她正在变老这个事实。
Nothing can hide the truth that she is growing old.
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很多女生都穿上了漂亮的裙子这个事实表明夏天来了。
The evidence that many girls have worn attractive skirts manifests that summer is coming.
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为什么说污染越来越严重了? ——城市里再也看不到纯净的蓝天,闻不到新鲜的空气这个事实表明污染一天天变得越来越严重。
The evidence that blue sky and fresh air fail to available in cities suggests that pollution has become increasingly serious day by day.
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The evidence/truth that … manifests/indecates/suggests that …
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3.2 长难句分析
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识别主语从句:忽略状语从句(有逗号分隔,好分辨),句首有引导词时,到主语谓语,为主语从句;形式主语时从that到句末为主语从句。
How well the predictions will be validated by later performamce depends upon the amount, reliability and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
- 找主语谓语:depends upon,前主语,后宾语。故how至谓语,都是主语从句;宾语是and连接的并列成分
- 找并列连词:used后的and即为并列连词。and后的成分是介词+名词短语+定语,and前的内容多了depends,故后内容省略了depends。
- 译文:这些预言能在多大程度上被以后的行为证实,取决于所使用的信息的数量、可靠性和适合性,并且还取决于解释这些信息的技巧和智慧。
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识别宾语从句:实义动词后有引导词的基本都是宾语从句。
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识别同位语从句:名词后的引导词(也可能是定语从句)、不及物动词后的引导词(同位语后置)