《刘晓艳语法长难句》第五章笔记



状语和状语从句

1. 引语：形容词和副词

eg：

He smiles sweetly. 副词sweetly修饰动词smiles。

He smiles especially sweetly. 副词especially修饰副词sweetly。

He looks pretty sweet. 副词pretty修饰形容词sweet。

Luckily， he passed the examination. 副词Luckily修饰整个句子。

副词在句中做且只能做状语。


2. 状语

句中，用来修饰实义动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的成分。

2.1 成分

  1. 副词：She smiles sweetly.
  2. 副词短语：I tried again and again.
  3. 介词短语：He runs fast like a crazy dog.
  4. 分词、不定式：He leaves, crying.
  5. 从句：I will return the book as soon as I have read it.

2.2 位置

灵活，可句中，但句首句末情况较多。另，句首时逗号隔开。

  1. In ChongQing, I am now working.
  2. I am now working in ChongQing.
  3. I am now in ChongQing working.

3. 状语从句

3.1 构成

状语从句可在主句前，也可主句后：

引导词+状语从句+“，”+主句（句首状语从句，必须加逗号）

或 主句+引导词+状语从句（句末状语从句，逗号可加可不加）

3.2 引导词

按照引导词本身意思，状语从句分为九类9：时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、方式、比较。

3.3 时态

  1. 主句过去，从句相应地也使用过去：

    Before I went home, my mother had slept. 两个动作都发生在过去，所以使用过去时。且主句的动作发生在从句之前，因此主句用过去完成时。

  2. 主句表示将来时，主句一般将来时，从句一般现在时，用“现在”表示“将来”：

    I will treat you if I manage to pass the examination of postgraduates.

  3. 主句将来完成时，从句使用现在完成时：

    As soon as I have finished this work, I will have gone home. 如果我早完成工作的话，我现在已经到家了。


4. 九种状语从句

4.1 时间状语从句

4.1.1 引导词

  1. 普通引导词：when, as（正当/随着）, while, once（一旦）, as soon as（一…就…）, before, after, since, not … until, until/till（直到）
  2. 名词短语：the moment（一…就）, every time（每当）, the day（那一天）, the instant（当…时）
  3. 副词：immediately, directly, no sooner … than, hardly … when, scarcely … when（都译为一…就）

4.1.2 when，as，while的区别

  1. when引导的从句的谓语可以是延续性动词，也可以是短暂性动词：

    When I lived in the countryside, I used to live a tough life.

    When the teacher came in, we stop talking.

  2. while引导的从句的谓语必须是延续性动词，多用于进行时态：

    While my mother was reading the newspaper, I was wathching TV.

  3. as引导的从句的谓语是延续性动词，表示“一边一边”，一般用于主从句动作同时发生；也可表示“随着”：

    We always sing as we walk.（一边一边）

    As families moved away from their stable community, the informal flow of information is cut off.（随着）

4.1.3 no sooner… than 和 hardly… when

  1. 含义：一…就…

  2. 时态：主句过去完成时，从句一般过去时：

    I had no sooner begun to take a shower, the water was unavaiable. 我一开始洗澡，水就停了。

    They hardly had arrived at the bus stop when the bus started to leave. 他们一赶到车站，车就开走了。

  3. 高级用法：二者引导时间状语从句时可以使用倒装句式：

    No sooner had I begun to take a shower, the water was unvailable.

    Hardly had they arrived at the bus stop when the bus started to leave.

4.1.4 when引导时间状语从句的特殊用法

When引导时间状语从句，如果主、从句主语一致，且从句谓语有be动词，则从句的主语和be动词可以省略：

When I was a little girl, I loved Jeff so much.

When a little girl, I loved Jeff so much.

4.1.5 区分until 和 not… until

  1. I will wait here until you come.
  2. I will not leave until you come.

not… until 并无否定的意思。

主句谓语是短暂性动词，用not… until；

是延续性动词，用until。

eg：I did not realize the greatness of mothers until I had my own daughter.


4.2 地点状语从句

  1. 常用引导词where。

  2. 不常用引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere等。

  3. where引导的地点状语从句与定语从句的区别和转换：

    1. 区别：地点状语从句和定语从句的引导词都有where，所以容易混淆。两种从句翻译方法一致，但语义不同。区分时判断where是否指代前面的先行词：若果指代先行词，是定语从句；否则是状语从句。

      I find my phone where I had lost it. 状语从句，where是从属连词，where修饰谓语，没有表示地点的先行词。

      This is the house where I lived two years ago. where引导定语从句，修饰先行词，where是关系副词，在从句中代替先行词作地点状语。

    2. 转换：状语从句前加“in/at the place”，就成了定语从句

      We will start where we left off.

      We will start at the point where we left off.

  4. eg:

    Everywhere I see rural laborers in the city, it will remind me of my old father. 每当看到城市里的农民工，我就会想起我的老父亲。

    Wherever you go, whatever you do, I am just here waiting for you.


4.3 原因状语从句

  1. 常用引导词：because、since、as、for
  2. 介词短语+名词，不+从句：because of, due to, owing to（句首）, thanks to, for the sake of, as a result of

4.4 目的状语从句

  1. 常用引导词：so that, in order that
  2. 表示目的的不定式：to, in order to, so as to + v.

4.5 结果状语从句

  1. 常用引导词：so that, so … that, such … that
  2. 区别：
    1. so that：既可目的状语从句，也可结果状语从句
    2. so… that：
      1. 中间放形容词/副词，如此以致于
      2. so much/many/few/litte + n. + that 如此多的东西，以致于
      3. so + adj. + a/an + n. + that 如此好的老师，以致于
    3. such… that:
      1. such a/an adj. n. that 这个东西太，以致于
      2. such adj. ns that 这些东西太，以致于

4.6 条件状语从句

  1. 引导词：if, unless(if not), as/so long as（只要）, only if（只要）, providing（假如）, supposing（假如）, in case that（以防）, on condition that（如果）
  2. eg：I will never give up so long as there is a ghost of hope.

4.7 让步状语从句

  1. 引导词：though、although、even if、even though

  2. 特殊引导词：as, while, no matter…, in spite of the fact that(虽然), whatever, whoever…

  3. 写作常用，一个陈述观点、表示事实、表示原因的句中，避免语气的绝对，加入让步状语。

    污染很严重。 Pollution becomes increasingly serious although a sea of adults fail to realize it.


4.8 方式状语从句

  1. as, as if, as though 好像
  2. the way 方式
  3. by, though, in … way, in … manner
  4. eg：
    1. She talks with me as she were my mother.
    2. Always do to the others as you would be done by.

4.9 比较状语从句

  1. as, than, the more… the more…, more than, more… than…, not so much … as…（没有）

  2. eg:

    1. she is not so energetic as she used to be.
    2. The harder one works, the luckier he will feel.

  3. as… as…：类似so that，有形容词副词的地方都可以使用

    English proves as essential as air and water, which plays a key role in our daily life.

  4. more than：

    1. +名词，不仅仅是
    2. +形容词，非常
    3. +数词，超过
    4. +动词，不仅仅是

  5. not so much as 甚至不 He cannot so much as sing a song.

  6. not so much A as B 与其说A，不如B He is not so much a teacher as a poet.

  7. more A than B，与其说A，不如说B


5. 分词作状语