《刘晓艳语法长难句》第二章笔记



并列句

由并列连词连接的两个或多个句子。

eg：I love you, you love the dog. ❌

不能由逗号连接两个句子，可改为：

  1. I love you but you love the dog.（并列连词）
  2. Although I love you, you love the dog.（从句）

1. 并列连词与逻辑关系词

1.1 并列连词

  1. 平行：and, not only… but also…, both … and …, either … or …, neither … nor …
  2. 转折：but, while, yet, whereas
  3. 选择：or, whether … or …
  4. 因果：for, so
  5. 递进：then

1.2 同义的逻辑关系词（副词与介词短语）

  1. 平行：similarly, equally, likewise, at the same time, in the meanwhile
  2. 转折：however, nevertheless, nonetheless, conversely, contrarily, unexpectedly, unfortunately, on the contrary, in contrast
  3. 选择：alternatively
  4. 因果：therefore, thus, consequently, as a result, as a consequence
  5. 递进：besides, additionally, subsequently, in addition

1.3 三者区别

  1. 连词时，逗号可加可不加
  2. 副词与介词短语时，要把逗号变句号，或加连词and（即副词和介词短语不承担连接句子的功能）
    1. I love you. However you love the dog.
    2. I love you, and however you love the dog.
  3. 使用副词与介词短语更出彩。

2. 应用

2.1 写作

以常用于原因分析的not only … but also …为例

  1. Pets not only can bite others especially our neighbors or strangers but also usually make our living environment rather nasty.
  2. Respecting parents not only keeps a Chinese traditional virtue but also proves the duty of their offspring.（系动词替换）

2.2 长难句分析（并列句省略）

  1. 并列句对称原则：

    1. 并列连词前后的词性、单复数、时态、语态保持一致；

      He went shopping, bought some gifts and visited his friend.

    2. 连接三个及以上词时，前面用逗号，最后用and；

    3. 结构一致

      On that day, a friend got married, then I realized the fleeting time.（主谓 主谓宾）

  2. 并列句的省略现象：因为要保持对称，同时避免重复，所以会省略部分内容

    1. 主谓一致可省略：He is not only a nice teacher but a friend to his students.（后句省略he is）
    2. 省略be动词：Disease A can be replaced, B controlled, and C removed. 三句主语不同但是谓语动词都是be，可省略
    3. 省略主语：He is rich, but leads a modest life.
    4. 省略重复部分：Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we did not konw for sure?（but连接两个由that引导的从句，后句know的宾语是smoking would kill us，省略）

  3. 省略现象的查找判断

    1. 省略位于连词之后
    2. 后句有，前句也有
    3. 前句有，后句无，即为省略内容

  4. eg: Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.

    1. 找动词：requires
    2. 从而确定主谓：这项事情 需要 多种措施
    3. 找连词：and
    4. 连词后句：名词+定语 the help of … experts
    5. 所以前句也应是名词+定语：varying measures of centralized control
    6. 可见，后句省略了主谓：this requires
    7. 翻译：目前，这需要中央控制的各种措施，所以这也需要诸如经济学家和运筹学家等专业科学家的帮助。

  5. 书中仍有很多例子。